Aircraft



E. F. ZAPARKA AIRCRAFT 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Sept. 12, 1930 v INVENTOR Ema/am FZa mi/fa y ATTORNEYS.

WAM,

May 5, 1936. E. F. ZAPARKA 3 99 AIRCRAFT Filed Sept. 12, 1933 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR. fidward KZayaarifa A TTORNEYS.

May 5, 1936. E. F. ZAPARKA 9 5 I AIRCRAFT Filed Sept. 12, 1930 7 sheets-sheet s INVENTOR.

ATTORNEYS.

E. F. ZAPARKA AIRCRAFT Filed Sept. 12, 1950 mlllllll l IHIIHHNIHHOi 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 IN WIN TOR.

ATTORNEYS.

y 1936- E. F. ZAPARKA 2,39,676

AIRCRAFT Filed Sept. 12, 1930 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 IN V EN TOR.

rug-14 W,%M)W

A TTORNEYS.

May 5, 1936. E. F. ZAPARKA 2,039,676

AIRCRAFT Filed Sept. 12, 1933 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 Hams-rm.

IN VEN TOR.

Edward F'Za daflfw A TTORNEYS.

y 1936- E. F. ZAPARKA 2,039,676

AIRCRAFT Filed Sept. 12, 1930 TSheets-Sheet 7 IN VEN TOR. Eawa F gajfaijffl/ ATTORNEYS.

Patented May 5, 193 6 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE Edward F; zaparki ltff N. Y., assignor to Zap Development Corporation, Wilmington, Dcl., a corporation of Delaware Application September 12, 1930, Serial No. 481,528 2 Claims. (01. 244-44) This invention relates to vehicles or apparatus adapted to be supported and moved in fluids by the reaction between the fluid and means carried by said apparatus and is applicable to land; water and amphibian types. i

An object of the invention isthe inclusion of means for controlling the flow of the fluid or its rate adjacent means adapted toproduce what is called Magnu's effects.

10 The invention includes the provision of control means for various devices such as aircraft wherein means are provided as a lifting orsustaining force, or wherein a member or the skin of a body or the border surface is moved and a force due to 3 a Magnus effect is produced operating to modify the movement of the aircraft.

The invention comprehend's the utilization in a vehicle having means for producing relative motion between the vehicle and the surrounding meditun of means adapted to produce Magnus effect acting as a sustaining or lifting means, and means associated therewith for,controlling the effective action of said sustaining'means on the surrounding medium.

The invention? further embraces a novel arrangement with respect'to the propelling means of the vehicleand its resultingslipstream of movable means acting as a lifting force for the vehicle and means associated therewith for modifying or controlling its'effective action whereby the controlling means are effective irrespective of the movement of the vehicle with respect to the surrounding medium.

Another object I contemplate is 'to provide controlling means peculiarly adapted to an aircraft utilizing Magnus effects as a sustaining force.

Another object I contemplate is to'provide deflecting means for an aircraft using means adapted to produce Magnus effects s'oas to vary or modify the lift reaction of said means as desired.

Another object I contemplate is to provide con trolling and deflecting means for an aircraft utilizing movable sustaining elements for controlling the stability, the rate of climb, forward speed and balance of the aircraft. v

Another object I contemplate-is to provide an arrangement of deflecting surfaces for an aircraft utilizing means adapted to produce Magnus effects to enable the standard type of aircraft control to be utilized effectively therewith.

Another object I contemplate is to; provide controlling means peculiarly adapted to an aircraft utilizing means adapted to produce Magnus effects these controlling means acting in a similar. manner as the standard ailerons. 1

Another object I contemplate is to provide controlling means of an aircraft utilizing movable sustaining elements located in the slip stream of 5 the propelling means of said aircraft.

- Another object I contemplate is to provide surfaces or guide means. located in the path of the air stream resulting from the movablesustaining elements which in turn are placed in the slip l0 stream of the aircraft propelling means for controlling the stability of the aircraft. 7

Further objects and advantages are within the scope of this invention such as relate to the ar-- rangement, operation and function of the related 15 elements of the structure, to various details of construction and to combinations of parts, elements per se, and to economies of manufacture and numerous other features as will be apparent from a consideration of the specification and 20 drawings of certain forms of the invention, in which:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic side view of three sustaining elements of my invention occupying substantially. the entire slip stream to the rear of an 25 aircraft propeller;

Fig. 2 is a front elevational view of the sustaining and lifting devices, certain parts being shown in section;

Fig. 3 is a side view of an aircraft utilizing sus- 3 taining elements of my invention and shows diagrammatically the deviation of the slip stream of a propeller by the sustaining elements;

Fig. 4 diagrammatically shows a sustaining ele- -ment and the flow of the medium adjacent 35 thereto;

Fig. 5 is a view diagrammatically illustrating the flow of the surrounding medium adjacent to a sustaining element and guide or deflecting means 40 associated therewith;

Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5 except that the deflecting surface has had its position changed to modify the air flow past the revoluble sustaining element;

Fig. 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e,'7f, and '79 are views of revoluble sustaining elements with different forms of deflecting surfaces;

Fig. 8 is a view of two revoluble sustaining elements progressively arranged with deflecting surfaces similar to those shown by Fig. 6;

Fig. 9 is a plan view of a revoluble sustaining element in combination with a deflecting surface similar to one of those shown by Fig. 7a, b, c and d, the two end portions of the deflecting surfaces 5 being effective as ailerons certain parts being shown in section;

Fig. is a view similar to Fig. 9 the deflecting surface is in this view divided to provide parts effective aileron control means.

Fig. 11 is a fragmentary view of the apparatus shown in Fig. 9 associating therewith vertical stabilizer and rudder control surfaces;

Fig. 12 is a plan view of a revoluble sustaining element with adefiecting surface to the rear, the rear portions of the deflecting surface being pivoted to act as control surfaces;

Fig. 13 is a side view of three revoluble sustaining elements arranged one above the other, each of the elements having one. associated defleeting surface;

Fig. 14 shows an aircraft wherean aileron control of my invention is used in combination with movable sustaining means the fuselage being constructed so that the same directs the air adjacent to the sustaining means against the tail control surfaces.

Fig; 14A is a detail view' showing a mechanism for operating the ailerons of my invention.

Fig. 15 is a side view of an aircraft employing revoluble sustaining elements and tail control surfaces, the control surfaces and the sustaining elements being brought close together, and the sustaining elements being provided with deflecting surfaces;

Fig. 16 is a plan view of the aircraft shown by Fig. 15;

Fig. 17 is a side view of an aircraft with a revoluble sustaining element, the control surfaces of the aircraft being immediately to the rear of the sustaining element, and

Fig. 18 is a planview of the aircraft shown by Fig. 17.

With an aircraft employing the ordinary type of flxed airfoiis, it is necessary that the aircraft have a substantial speed before sufficient lift is exerted by the airfoils to support the aircraft. This is due both to the fact that the ordinary fixed airfoils are very inefficient and that but a small amount of the energy in the slip stream of the propeller of the aircraft is utilized by the fixed airfoils.

With an aircraft utilizing movable sustaining elements according to this invention, substantially the entire energy in the slip stream of the propelling means may be utilized by the sustaining elements and suflicient lift achieved thereby to lift the aircraft at relatively slow speed. The sustaining elements may be so arranged as to present lift surfaces to substantially the entire slip stream of a propeller. The revoluble sustaining elements may also be located in that part of the slip stream of a propeller where the velocity is highest, thus obtaining maximum lift. It is known that with a stationary aircraft the slip stream of a propeller first decreases and then increases in area so as to have just to the rear of the propeller a diameter less than that of the propeller diameter and then increases again in diam eter past that point. I propose to locate the sustaining elements substantially in that portion of the propeller slip stream having a relatively small diameter since at such position the velocity is highest due to the fact that the entire slip stream is passing through a smaller space.

It is desirable for best results that the sustaining elements of my invention be revolved at a relatively high speed with respect to the speed of the air stream in which they are placed. The sustaining elements may be revolved at the desired speed by the power plant that operates the propeller, they may be rotated at such speed by an auxiliary power plant, or they may be rotated from the slip stream of the propeller by having air turbines and speediincreasing means associated therewith. When rotating sustaining elements,'prescnting surfaces to substantially all the slip stream of a propeller, are revolved by an auxiliary power plant, and the pressures and velocities of the air between the propeller and the sustaining elements and the air passing said elements is measured, I have found that the amount of energy in the air passing the sustaining elements is substantially that in the propeller slip stream plus that required to propel the sustaining elements. I have found also, with an aircraft having little or relatively low speed with respect to the surrounding medium and with substantially the entire slip stream of the propeller occupied by the aircraft sustaining element, that substantially the entire propeller slip stream is deflected sharply downwardly by the revoluble sustaining elements so that at a distance sub, stantially to the rear of said elements there is little or no moving air from the propeller slip stream. Therefore, with an aircraft utilizing revolublc sustaining elements, the ordinary tail' control surfaces of the standard type, such as elevator and rudder are almost ineffective until the aircraft has obtained substantial speed with respect to the surrounding medium.

Since one of the great advantages of utilizing revoluble sustaining elements with aircraft is that the aircraft can rise and descend with little or comparatively low forward speeds control means especially adapted for use with such type of sustaining elements should be used. I have found that eiflcient controlling means for an aircraft utilizing revoluble sustaining elements can be provided for in several ways. One way is to place the controlling means in the slip stream of the propeller. Another way is'to place controlling means adjacent to revoluble sustaining elements in the deflected airstream produced by said elements. Still a third way is to place deflecting means adjacent to the sustaining elements so that the air can be deflected rearwardly against control surfaces of the ordinary type.

Also I have provided deflecting means adjacent to and substantially at the rear of the sustaining elements in order to modify or decrease their resultant action and have in one embodiment of this invention combined such deflecting means with control means for the aircraft. With substantially the entire slip stream of a propeller occupied by the sustaining elements of my invention, an aircraft can rise or descend at substantially low forward speeds, all of the energy of the propeller slip stream being converted in the lift.

When the desired altitude of an aircraft has been obtained, the entire lifting action of the sustaining elements may be modified to increase the speed of the aircraft. Accordingly, I have provided deflecting means adjacent to the sustaining elements which may be so placed with respect thereto that their lifting action is not interfered with and which, when it is desired to modify or change the resultant lifting action of the sustaining elements said deflecting means may be placed in such a position as to deflect the airstream passing the sustaining elements, guiding or modifying the same to a direction substantially parallel to the line of flight.

Referring now to Figs. 1 and 2, the revoluble is revolving at high speed in the same direction.

sustaining elements of my invention adapted to produce a lifting or sustaining force by the each element in the same direction.

Magnus effect are shown in the form of a rotor or cylindrical moving surface, but a cone or other symmetrical surface having substantial length compared with its diameter can be used if desired. The sustaining elements may be made of light metal, wood, rubber, silk, cloth, or any fabric treated for protecting the same from the action of the elements. Figs. 1 and 2 diagrammatically illustrate the slip stream produced by a propeller and it can be seen that the sustaining elements or rotor members 25 are so arranged with respect to the propeller 26 and its resulting slip stream that the sustaining elements 25 are located at a certain distance from propeller 26 and in the region of the highest air velocity. Fig. 2 illustrates how several sustaining elements or rotor members may be placed occupying substantially the entire slip stream produced by the propeller.

In Fig. 2 of the drawings I have illustrated suitably supported upon the main body portion of the aircraft a frame 5 in which the sustaining elements 25 are rotatably mounted upon their longitudinal axis in a substantially horizontal position. The sustaining elements 25 as shown are fixedly secured to shafts 6 the extremities of which are supported by suitable bearings carried by frame 5. A member I is disposed adjacent to 5 in a spaced relation thereto, and provides additional supporting means for a gearing mechanism adapted to actuate the sustaining elements. Gears 9 are fixedly mounted on the shafts 6 of the rotor elements 25 and are in mesh with idler gears ID, the idler gears it] are mounted on the shaft l I the latter journalled on bearings I2 carried by frame 5 and support I. The idler gears ID are interposed between each of the gears 9 connected to the rotor elements for the purpose of causing rotation of Suitable driving means in the form of motor l4 either gas or electric is mounted on a suitable support carried by the main body of the aircraft, said motor being provided with a shaft i1 carrying sprocket I8 and the latter being connected by the means of a sprocket chain [9 with sprocket fixedly carried by the lowermost gear of the gear train.

It can be seen that rotative motion can be imported to the elements by the operation of motor l4 through the gearing mechanism hereinbefore described, and that the rotor elements 25 can be actuated at any desired speed by controlling the speed of said motor, or by substituting the sizes of sprocket H8 or 20. It will be apparent that by changing the size of any set of gears 9 and Hi the speed of rotation of one element can be changed with relation to the speed of the other elements.

Fig. 3 shows the action of the rotor members 25 in deflecting the slip stream of the propeller 26. It should be noted that the rotors occupy substantially the entire slip stream area, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and that the air after passing the rotors is deflected substantially vertically downward, this condition being present when the aircraft is at rest. When the aircraft is in motion the slip stream is not deflected downwardly to such'an extent shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4 illustrates the conditions of air flow around a revoluble sustaining element or rotor member. The air is moving in the direction shown by the arrow and the sustaining element It is seen there that the flow lines are deflected from their path immediately in front of the rotor and most of the air particles rush to the side of the rotor surface which moves in the direction of stream flow increasing the speed of individual stream particles. On the side of the rotor where the surface moves in a direction opposed to that of the stream flow, the stream particles are retarded, the individual stream particles being repelled by the rotor surface and slowed up. Immediately to the rear of the rotor the stream particles are deflected sharply downward. there being a space at the lower back side of the rotor between the downwardly deflected stream particles and those particles slowed up by the rotor surface where it opposes the air flow in which eddy currents are set up as at the trailing edge of an ordinary airfoil.

In order to prevent the formation of eddy currents and increase the effective action of the movable sustaining elements, I have placed at this region deflecting means or a suitable deflecting surface of the desired form, the flow of air particles being continuous along its upper and lower surfaces. Such a deflecting condition is shown by Fig. 5, the deflecting means being illustrated in the form of a surface 21 being placed behind the rotor 25 and substantially occupying the region or space 29 which in Fig. 4 is shown to contain eddying currents of air. By using the deflecting surface 21 to prevent eddy currents of air, not only have I increased the normal efliciency of a rotor element, but I have b, c, d, e, j, and g show other forms of deflecting,

surfaces which may be used at the rear of rotor elements according to this invention. Figs. 7a and b show deflecting surfaces somewhat similar to those of Figs. 5 and 6 but having slightly different shapes which, although they might slightly decrease the efficiency of the rotor elements under conditions of maximum lift, they also might be more effective as deflecting surfaces when forward speed is desired. Fig. 7c shows another type of deflecting surface which may be used in conjunction with rotor elements. This deflecting surface has surfaces not only to the rear but just below the front of the rotor.

Fig. 7d shows that the rear portion of the deflecting surface of Fig. 7?) may be pivoted to obviate the necessity for the deflecting surface to be swung bodily upward or to act as a control surface forming a part of the deflecting surface.

Fig. 7e illustrates one embodiment of the invention wherein I provide aircraft control surfaces adjacent to the rear of the sustaining elements. There the deflecting surface has its trailing edge 3! hinged to act as an aileron or elevator control and has associated therewith a control surface or vertical stabilizer 32 together with the rudder control surface 33.

Fig. 7 shows a flat deflecting surface 34 to the rear of the rotor 35, this flat deflecting surface being eflective as means for deflecting air to the rear of the sustaining element.

Fig. 7a shows a deflecting surface 95 substantially to the rear of the rotor 81, the deflecting surface having slots 88 cut through from its upper to its lower side in order to -eliminate any tendency of eddy current formations adjacent thereto.

When several sustaining elements are used, I find it very desirable to place one adjacent the other so that one acts upon the stream delivered by the other. Fig. 8 shows such a condition, the front element 99 being placed slightly above the rear element 48. Element 39 has the deflecting surface 4 I, and the element 48 has the deflecting surface 42 associated therewith. The air acted upon by'the rotor element 89 is delivered to the rotor element 48 with increased velocity, such velocity being modified by the position of the deflecting surface H.

The arrangement of the deflecting surfaces 4| and 42 shown by Fig. 8 is that which would be made use of when high forward speed is desired from an aircraft. The air is speeded up by rotor 39, deflected against rotor 48 and again speeded up thereby, the deflecting surfaces 42 being in a position to deflect the air to the rear of the rotor elements substantially parallel to the line of flight. Either or both of the deflecting surfaces 4| or 42 may be swung downwardly to permit downward deflection of air by the, rotors to provide increased lift when desired.

Fig. 13 illustrates how several rotor elements may be associated one above the other,'each being provided with a deflecting surface to control the lift of the rotors, the deflection of the air past the rotor elements and the forward speed of the aircraft. This is the arrangement, except for the deflecting surfaces, already discussed in connection with Figs. 1, 2 and 3 where the rotor elements may be arranged to present surfaces to substantially the entire slip stream of a propeller.

Figs. 9, 10, 11 and 12 show plan views of rotor elements provided with deflecting surfaces of the type described in connection with Figs. 5, 6, and 7, in those figures only the side views having been shown.

In Fig. 9 I have illustrated a lifting and sustaining element and a mechanism for actuating the deflecting means'and the side stabilizers or aircraft control associated therewith.- On a frame 88 suitably secured to the main body perticn of an aircraft is journalled a shaft 82 the latter supported at its extremities by suitable bearings 83 and 84 carried by frame 88. Shaft 82 serves as a bearing support for the rotor element 85, the latter being supported by means of a hollow shaft 88 supported upon bearings 98 and 9I on shaft 82. The sustaining element in this case comprises a hollow cylindrical metal body of light weight suitably secured to hollow shaft 88, and rotated by a gear 92 fixedly secured to said shaft. The rotor element 85 is actuated by a gear train arranged in a similar manner as the one illustrated in connection with Fig. 2. Adjacent the outer ends of the rotor element 85 are supports or plates 99 and 94, these plates are fixedly secured to shaft 82 and extend in planes transverse to the axis of rotation of the rotor element 85 projecting beyond the rotor periphery. Plates 99 and 94 act as end supports for the deflecting surface or guiding element for controlling the direction of the air flow adjacent to the rotor element 85. The deflecting surface 95 as herein illustrated extends in the axial direction of the rotor over its length. or a portion thereof as desirable.

The mechanism for actuating the deflecting surface 95 around the rotor axis comprises a worm wheel I88 fixedly secured to shaft 82 and actuated by the worm element I82, the latter manipulated from any desired position by the operator or aircraft pilot. The position of the deflecting surface 95 with respect to rotor element 85 is changed by the movement of worm I82 which in turn rotates worm wheel I88 moving shaft 82 and plates or supporting members 93 and 94 carrying the deflecting surface around the axis of the rotor element 85.

Surface elements I83 and I84 of a shape substantially similar to the deflecting surface 95 are provided adiacent to the outer ends of the same. Surface elements I89 and I84 are pivotally carried by supports 93 and 94 respectively. Shaft I85 being journal supported in plate 93 and the deflecting surface 95. The surface element I83 is fixedly secured to shaft I85 the latter serving as a pivotal axis for said element. In axial alignment with shaft I85 is shaft I81 connected with shaft I85 by means of a differential gearing the purpose of which will be here,- in described. Shaft I81 carries surface element I84 and said shaft is supported in'a manner similar to shaft I85.

In the projecting portion of shaft HIS-adjacent to support 93 is fixedly secured a sprocket-I88 adapted to be actuated by means of a chain I I8,-

the latter supported upon idlers I.I-2 loosely jourfrom any desired, position.

ments I83 can be oscillated with respect to andindependent of the deflecting surface 95 to any desired position irrespective of the location of surface 95 with respect to the rotor element 85, by means of chain I I8 which. rotates shaft I85 to which element surface I83 is secured. Any movement imparted to shaft I85 is transmitted to shaft I81 in the opposite direction by means of a gear II5 secured to shaft I85. Gear H5 is in mesh with a fixedly supported idler-gear II'I ing surface 95 and adapted to move said elements in opposite directions so .as to provide aileron control surfaces for the aircraft; thus one element being adapted to be moved in one direction at the same time that the other is being moved in the opposite direct-ion.

In an aircraft utilizing the combination of movable elements and deflecting means therefor I 'have'arranged the deflecting means so that the same will serve not only as means to provent the formation of eddy'currents but also act as aileron controls. Referring to theembodiment of my invention shown in Fig. 10, I have illustrated in connection with a rotor sustaining elemens deflecting surfaces I28 and I2], being normally in horizontal alignment. The deflecting surfaces I28 and I2I are carried by plates or supports I23 and I24. Plate I23 is loosely mounted on shaft I25 while plate I24 is fixedly secured to shaft I25 by means of a member I 21.

Plates I23 and I 24 extend adjacent to the rotor element in planes transverse to the axis of rotation and project beyond the periphery thereof. Connecting plate I23 with shaft I25 is a member I22 fixedly secured to the latter and adapted to move surface I20 by means of the actuation of shaft I25. Shaft IE is suitably carried by frame I28 supported by the main body portion of the aircraft, and by member I29. Shaft I26 is journalled at one end on frame I28 and at its other end is supported by member I29 carried by the aircraft. Shafts I 25 and I26 are interconnected by means of gears I28 and I30 respectively secured to said shafts and intermediate gear I32.

Adjacent to plate or support I23 is a worm wheel I35 loosely mounted upon shaft I26, and being connected to worm I31. Element or projection I38 is carried by worm wheel I35 this member acting as a bearing support for shaft I33 carrying gear I32. It can be seen that actuation of worm I31 will cause rotation of worm wheel I35 carrying the bevel gear I32 and in turn simultaneously rotating in the same direction gears I28 and I30 thereby oscillating the deflecting surfaces I20 and I2I in the same direction around the rotor element. In order that the deflecting surfaces I20 and I2I act as ailerons I have provided means to impart independent movement to each element in opposite directions. A pulley I40flxed1y secured to shaft I33 of bevel gear I32 serves to impart rotation to gear I32 in any desired direction by means of a band member I43 guided over idler MI and I42 and manipulated by the operator from any desired location. Rotation of bevel gear I32 will impart motion in opposite direction to shafts I25 and I26 through the agency of gears I28 and I30, thereby the elements I20 and I 2| carried by member fixed to said shaft will be carried in opposite directions around the sustaining element. It will be apparent from the foregoing that the deflecting surfaces can be moved simultaneously in any desired direction, and that they can be simultaneously actuated in opposite direction, acting as aileron control surfaces.

Fig. 11 shows that rudder surfaces I3I and vertical stabilizer surfaces I34 may be placed adjacent to the rear of the rotor elements to provide stabilizing and control surfaces for the aircraft, the end portions I 36 of the deflecting surface I44 being effective as aileron.

In the modification of the invention shown in Fig. 12, I have illustrated in combination with the sustaining and lifting member or rotor element a deflecting surface I45 the trailing edge of which may be divided in equal parts I46 as herein shown. Surfaces I46 are operated by a mechanism of a similar nature as the one illustrated in Fig. 9 for actuating the surfaces I03 and I04. Surfaces I46 act inthis modification as aileron control surfaces for an aircraft.

The means or deflecting surfaces or portions thereof which have been described as means effective to control the aircraft in the disclosures shown in Figs. 9 to 12 inclusive, on account of being placed adjacent to the rotor element are in rapidly moving air where considerable energy is present. Due to this fact, control surfaces there placed, even though their movement arms are comparatively short the same act very effectively as aircraft control means due to the force resulting from the energy of the medium adjacent thereto. In the form shown in Fig. 14, the means adapted to produce a lifting sustaining force by Magnus effect are shown in the form of a rotor member 51 horizontally disposed and suitably supported by a frame 43 carried by fuselage of an aircraft. Members 5! are suitably journalled at their respective outer ends upon frame 43. Each sustaining element is adapted to be rotated in the direction indicated by the arrows by suitable driving means or source of power through a gearing mechanism similar to the one shown in Fig. 2.

Propelling means for the aircraft are shown in the form of a power plant 55 located in front of the sustaining element and adapted to actuate propeller 56 connected thereto.

The sustaining elements 51 are placed in the slip stream resulting from the propeller 56. Surface members 58 and 59 are suitably carried by the fuselage on support 48, upon which are journalled member 49 and tubular member 50 directly secured to surface members 58 and 59 respectively, Surface members 58 and 59 are adapted to be moved on a common axis relative to each other, thus serving in a manner similar to aileron surfaces. These surfaces 58 and 59 are actuated by means of pulleys 44 and 45 secured to members 49 and 50 respectively receiving movement by the manipulation of bands 46 and 46'.

Surface members 50 and 59 serve to control very effectively the stability and balance of the aircraft, by changing their angularity with respect to the line of flight or movement of the aircraft, so that a pressure is exerted on said surfaces by the flow of surrounding medium tending to swing the aircraft about its longitudinal axis in the desired direction. Due to the fact that these surfaces are located in the slip stream of the propeller 56 where considerable energy is present the same can be made comparatively small, as the movement arms may be comparatively short without decreasing its effective action.

I have provided a fuselage construction where a portion of the fuselageadjacent to the rear of the sustaining elements 51 is curved to act as guiding or deflecting means for directing the air stream passing the sustaining means against the rudder 53 and elevator 54.

With this arrangement the surfaces act as ailerons as well as the elevator and rudder and are able to efficiently control the aircraft at comparatively low moving speeds independently of the air pressure developed by the relative motion of the aircraft with respect to its surrounding medium.

In- Fig. 14A is shown a mechanism which can be used for actuating the surfaces 58 and 59 so that one moves in one direction while the other is being moved in the opposite direction. The mechanism comprises gears 47 and 41' suitably secured to shafts 49 and 50 interconnected by means of gear 5i loosely journaled on a frame supporting said mechanism to the fuselage, the surfaces being controlled by the movement of a band member actuating a pulley secured to shaft member 49. It is to be noted from the foregoing that the actuation of the band or other means operating shaft 49 will cause a change in the relative position of surfaces 58 and 59 so that the pressure of the air will tend to swing the aircraft over its longitudinal axis in a similar manner as the aileron.

I have illustrated in Figs. 15 and 16 one form of my invention as incorporated in an amphibian type plane, the plane comprising the fuselage I59 to which a suitable engine I60 adapted to drive propeller I6! is secured by means of a support III. The sustaining means herein shown are in the form of a rotor. Surfaces I62 are horizontally disposed and suitably journaled upon frames I62 and I64 carried by the fuselage I66.

Associated with the sustaining means I62, I have provided deflecting means I63 carrying aileron I61. The sustaining surfaces I62 and the deflecting means I63 are arranged with respect to propeller I6I so as to be positioned in the comparatively high speed region of the slip stream of propeller I6I. The tail control surfaces here shown are of the standard type comprising elevator I64 and rudder I65, which are placed adjacent to the surfaces I62 in order that tail controls may be actuated by the flow deflected or resulting from'the sustaining means I62 and'deflecting surfaces I63. Air driven turbines I66 which are attached to the sustaining elements I62 and preferably geared thereto, so as to give to the sustaining element a surface speed several times that of the air stream actu ating the turbines I66.

' The deflecting surfaces I63 and ailerons I61 are supported in a similar manner as the one previously described in connection with Fig. 9,

and

. fixedly secured to the end of discs or plates I13 adapted to impart rotation to worm wheels I12.

The ailerons I61 associated with each surface carrying the deflecting surfaces I63, the latter actuated by a shaft I14 carrying worms I16 can be moved simultaneously in the desired direction by the actuation of a' band I16 connecting pulleys I66 which are carried by shaft I62 to which the ailerons are suitably secured. Shaft I62 is journaled on plates I13.

spreading off.

In the aircraft construction shown in Figs. and 16, the sustaining element I63 and the defleeting means I61 are so positioned with respect to the propeller I6I and the tail controlsurfaces I64 and I65 so that the actuation of the tail surface very effectively manoeuvres the aircraft. This has been accomplished by locating each sustaining element I62 and the deflect- 'ingsurfaces I63 associated therewith in a position with respectto the adjacent elements whereits actuating mechanism is shown in detail ,in Figs. 9 and 13, where a worm wheel I12 is by the air acted upon by one element is delivered with increased velocity and in turn is acted upon by the adjacent element. The slip stream passing said elements is then directed to the tail controls and due to the fact that these surfaces are located where considerable energy is present due to the high air velocity of the air passing the sustaining elements long moment arms are not the direction of the aircraft..

In the embodiment shown in Figs. 17 and 18 the means adapted to produce a lifting or sustaining force by the Magnus effect are shown in the form of a rotor member suitably supported by'the main body portion of the aircraft. The aircraft has a stream line fuselage to offer minimum resistance to the air and has at its'front end portion a power plant 66 which actuates turbine is which is connected to the rotor 1| by means of suitable gearing mechanism, the latter housed on supports 62, so that the turbine drives the rotor at surface speed several times greater than that of the air which actuates or rotates the turbine.

Supported upon brackets or supports 66 are members or plates 6|. Plates 6i extend in planes transverse to the axis of rotation of the rotor element and project beyond the periphery thereof, for the purpose that will be hereinafter described.

Mounted adlacent to the rotor element 1| are the rudder control surfaces 12, the deflecting means or surface 13 and the aileron surfaces 14, the deflecting surface 13 acting in this instance as an elevator control surface. Surface 13 is carried by plates 6i, the latter serving to control the relative position of the deflecting surface with respect to the rotor element. aileron 14 is also supported by plates 6| and is moved by a mechanism similar to the one shown in this connection in Fig. 9.

The control surfaces 12, 13 and 14 are in the slip stream adjacent to the rotor element, the latter being in turn in the slip stream of the propeller so that considerable air pressure is presem; to actuate the control surface. Due to this fact the short moment arms will act very effectively in controlling the aircraft.

In order to confine the air currents acting on the sustaining elements and prevent the same from spreading of! the outer ends of the sustaining elements the plates or supports adapted to carry the deflecting means have been provided with a portion extending beyond the periphery of the sustaining element.

It is apparent that, within the scope of the invention modifications and different arrangements may be made other than is herein disclosed and the same could be used in different environments, the present disclosure being illustrative merely, the invention comprehending all variations thereof.

What I claim is:

1. In an aircraft the combination of a propeller carried by said aircraft, means to actuate said propeller; means located in the slip stream of said propeller acting as ailerons for controlling said aircraft means to change the position of said last mentioned means; a rotor element located rearwardly of said controlling means; and means to rotate said element.

2. In an aircraft, the combination of a Magnus force producing lifting means therefor; a plurality of control surfaces positioned in planes substantially at right angles to each other and adjacent said lifting means; means to change the relative position of said surfaces with respect to each other for controlling the direction of the aircraft.

' EDWARD F. ZAPARKA.

The 

